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中国近期雾霾成因推测


2013年入冬以来,PM2.5成为热门话题。从南到北大片国土被雾霾覆盖。目前官方并没
有明确地说明成因,仅仅笼统地指为排放传输。笔者根据所看到的报道结合自身研究PM
成因的经验,对此次雾霾成因进行推测。
PM2.5的主要成分包括二次硫酸盐,二次硝酸盐,二次有机物,炭黑,沙尘,及其它一
次排放(包含各种重金属,组成很复杂,但总量没那么大,而且空间分布很不均匀)。
而二次硫酸盐和二次硝酸盐以铵盐为主。
这次雾霾发生在冬天,可以排除二次硫酸盐和二次有机物。因为这两种物质产生于光化
学反应,而夏天的阳光远强于冬天,所以这两者在夏天浓度高而冬天浓度低。
二次硝酸盐与前两者正好相反,冬天高而夏天低,因为高的温度会使硝酸盐分解。所以
二次硝酸盐可能性很大。最近两个冬天偏冷,有利于硝酸盐的形成,可以解释雾霾为什
么最近两年才显著。
低温会降低大气混合层的高度,使污染物浓度升高。这是另外一个次要原因, 会使一
次污染变浓,但并不怎么影响二次污染浓度。
另外两个支撑证据:1. 污染物质有焦煳味。硝酸铵本身没有味道,但分解出来的氨气
有这种味道。其它颗粒物质没有这种味道。2. 硝酸铵有强烈的吸湿性。很容易吸收空
气中的水分长大,从而阻断光线。从照片上看,大气混合层以上晴空一片,而以下则雾
气弥漫,说明如果没有硝酸铵,水分本应是以气体方式存在的。

如果以上推测成立的话,那么可以推论,明年一月还会有雾霾,且会更严重,因为一月
更加冷。除非以后有暖冬,雾霾今后每年冬季都会有。不过好消息是硝酸铵本身毒性不
强。对健康的危害可能要次于对可见度的影响。

硝酸盐的前驱体氮氧化物产生于高温燃烧中氧气和氮气的直接化合,尤其是柴油发动机
和火电站这种稀薄燃烧过程。控制措施也应针对这些排放源,尤其是尾气的脱硝。

以上都只是推测,需要颗粒化学组分的监测数据来检验。n

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