Skip to main content

401(k)退休福利计划

http://gengwg.blogspot.com/
401(k)退休福利计划,是美国于1981年创立一种延后课税的退休金帐户计划,美国政府将相关规定明订在国税法第401(k)条中,故简称为401(k)计划。美国的退休计划有许多类,像公务员、大学职员是根据其法例供应退休金,而401(k)只应用于私人公司。
计划是自愿性质,劳工可依其个人需求自由选择政府核准过的的个人退休金计划。内容为要求雇员定期拨金钱至个人的退休计划,同时公司将拨部分资金至每位雇员的401(k),直到雇员离职。而雇员可自行决定拨钱的数目多寡。

内容

401(k)计划由劳工雇主申请设立后,雇员每月提拨某一数额薪水(薪资的1%~15%)至其退休金帐户。当劳工离职时可以选择将其中金额拨往一个金融机构的个人退休金帐户(IRA)或是新公司的401(k)帐户。
该提拨金可以从雇员的申报应缴税收入中当扣除额(即该项变为无需缴税之收入),等到年老提领时再纳入当年度所得课税。举例,某公司员工每月薪资为1000美元,参加401(k)计划每月提存薪资的5%(50美元),此时该员的每月薪资所得税扣缴机准则降至950美元。由于个人年轻时的所得税率往往较年老无所得时高,因此401(k)的各种赋税诱因吸引了许多劳工参与。
401(k)投资项目颇多可以自由选择,可以是基金股票债券存款、保证产品(美国称GIC,香港强积金条 例称保本基金)但并非该帐户所有钱都可以用于投资,每年美国国税局会规定可用于投资上限,如2007年时是上限15500美元。该帐户的退休金在紧急时可 以早先提领,但是60岁前提领者会被扣10%的惩罚金,而70岁开始则是强制提领否则会被扣总金额的50%罚金,此罚责可以避免过早或过晚提领的现象。
根据投资部位税前税后又可分两种401(k):
  • Traditional 401(k):投资部分算是还未课税,老年提领出现金时作为收入要缴税;
  • Roth 401(k):投资部分必须先完税,老年提领出现金不必缴税。
所以预估自己老年时高收入高税率的人(通常是白领)可以选择Roth 401(k),预估老年低收入低税率的人(通常是蓝领)选Traditional 401(k)。

公司配比

当员工将部分薪水投入401(k)账户中时,大公司与雇主往往会按比例配送(Match)一定金额给员工。举例而言,若公司配比为50%,则员工每 向自己的401K账户中投入1元,公司也将投入0.5元进入该员工的401k账户。最终员工的401k账户中将有1.5元收入。
公司并非一定要配比一定数额给员工,是否配比往往与该公司员工收入分布有关。若公司员工普遍高薪,公司往往需要以公司配比激励较员工特别是低薪水的 员工投资401k账户。 此项原因在于,若 投资401k之高薪员工(Highly-Compensated Employee,由国税局IRS每年核定标准) 相较 投资401k之低薪水员工 的投资额差距高于2%时,国税局便会以公司401k账户不公允为由停止该公司401k计划。 是故公司往往以公司配比作为激励,令高薪与低薪员工均有动力投足401k计划年度上限额,以避免国税局惩罚。


Comments

Popular posts from this blog

CKA Simulator Kubernetes 1.22

  https://killer.sh Pre Setup Once you've gained access to your terminal it might be wise to spend ~1 minute to setup your environment. You could set these: alias k = kubectl                         # will already be pre-configured export do = "--dry-run=client -o yaml"     # k get pod x $do export now = "--force --grace-period 0"   # k delete pod x $now Vim To make vim use 2 spaces for a tab edit ~/.vimrc to contain: set tabstop=2 set expandtab set shiftwidth=2 More setup suggestions are in the tips section .     Question 1 | Contexts Task weight: 1%   You have access to multiple clusters from your main terminal through kubectl contexts. Write all those context names into /opt/course/1/contexts . Next write a command to display the current context into /opt/course/1/context_default_kubectl.sh , the command should use kubectl . Finally write a second command doing the same thing into ...

OWASP Top 10 Threats and Mitigations Exam - Single Select

Last updated 4 Aug 11 Course Title: OWASP Top 10 Threats and Mitigation Exam Questions - Single Select 1) Which of the following consequences is most likely to occur due to an injection attack? Spoofing Cross-site request forgery Denial of service   Correct Insecure direct object references 2) Your application is created using a language that does not support a clear distinction between code and data. Which vulnerability is most likely to occur in your application? Injection   Correct Insecure direct object references Failure to restrict URL access Insufficient transport layer protection 3) Which of the following scenarios is most likely to cause an injection attack? Unvalidated input is embedded in an instruction stream.   Correct Unvalidated input can be distinguished from valid instructions. A Web application does not validate a client’s access to a resource. A Web action performs an operation on behalf of the user without checkin...