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全球金融业过剩才是危机根源?

令人难以忍受,却又离不开。这就是金融体系存在的问题。

市场与实体经济之间的关系遭到破坏。截至6月份,美国未偿债务总额约为50万亿美元,比国内生产总值(GDP)高出两倍多,债务包括房屋抵押贷款、公司债券、市政债券和美国国债等等。周四出炉的美联储(Federal Reserve)第三季度资金流报告将提供截至9月底的最新数据。

债务总额实际上在2009年第一季度达到最高点,约为51万亿美元。到目前为止仅有小幅下降,这主要是因为政府大规模借债以便为各种刺激项目提供资金。这样做正是为了减轻私营部门债务削减对经济的影响,帮助美国走出衰退。相应地,国债如今占了债务总额的24%,较2008年的15%大幅上升。

这凸显出美国当前的难题:如何在不引发再次衰退的情况下,减少债务总额。如果目前家庭、企业和政府债务占GDP 335%的比重看起来很糟糕,那么就设想一下,如果GDP收缩又将如何。如果名义GDP从当前的水平降低3%,债务占GDP的比重就会上升逾七个百分点,至342%。这正是紧缩措施带来的问题,也是过去18个月中希腊债务占GDP比重飙升而未下降的原因。

 走出这一困局的最佳方法是实现经济增长,正因为如此,美联储一直在寻求采取如此激进的宽松措施。不过,美联储的方法与目标相互矛盾。也就是说,美联储依靠金融行业创造信贷以获得投入实体经济的资金,而创造信贷正是问题的根源之一。实际上,普林斯顿大学经济学家Hyun Song Shin说,全球银行业过剩加速了金融危机,而不是像美联储主席贝南克(Ben Bernanke)所说的那样,是全球储蓄过剩加速了金融危机。

问题是,收缩金融体系的紧迫性与促增长的紧迫性相互矛盾。你可以将其称为“大金融的悖论”:金融行业的规模已经大到具有破坏性的程度,但收缩金融行业却是痛苦的。

Kelly Evans

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