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标 题: ● 5(非F1)H1B/L1报税学习笔记(整理版)

http://gengwg.blogspot.com/发信人: Aawl (宝宝蛋-湾野分舵~), 信区: TAX
标  题: ● 5(非F1)H1B/L1报税学习笔记(整理版)
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Tue Mar  4 01:55:14 2014, 美东)

应要求重新整理一遍,去掉一些不准确的地方,加了一些说明。如有错漏,请告知。

关键字:非F1,H1B, H4, L1, L2, first year choice (FYC), dual status (DS),
resident (R), non-resident (NR), extension, married file separately (MFS),
married file jointly (MFJ), substantial presence test (SPT)

1. 背景

Tax版大部分税友是F1->H1B,所以版面文章也多是考虑F1以及F1/OPT转H1B的情况。我
的情况是2012年10月中来CA,H1B+2xH4(老婆儿子)。其实这样的人应该也不少,近
两年来更是如此。但似乎版面文章不太多,因此将我报税过程记录下来,以便后人参考
。直接从国内过来的L1/L2从报税流程上跟H1B/H4是类似的,区别主要在于H1B通常从每
年10月开始生效,而L1(以及non-cap H1B)随时生效,所以在美时间不同,会导致报
税身份(可能)有不同。

报税之前,请先大概浏览一遍精华区,并search版面,能起到事半功倍之效(因为你碰
到的问题很有可能已经有人回答过)。英文没有问题的(大部分人都没问题吧,呵呵)
也应该翻翻NR报税宝典Pub519,以及1040(NR)的instruction。

IRS网站有最新的Publ 519 U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p519.pdf

注意:NR不能使用Turbo Tax等软件报税!当然你可以用软件来协助计算一些数字(要
小心检查)。另外还发现一个比较有用的1040 Excel版本,呵呵 - it's really COOL!
http://www.excel1040.com/

2. Extension及报税身份

如果你来不及在截止日期(4/15)之前准备好报税材料,或者想延期以便使用DS,就可
以(需要)延期。

本文主要针对第一年来美的人,身份比较复杂,而且(通常)不能使用报税软件。如无
特殊情况,所有H1B/L1从第二年开始都是R,可以使用Turbo Tax等各种软件了,版面文
章很多,不属于本文重点。

延期最方便的方法就是网上efile。随便找一个freefile的软件(网站)填表4868。发
送成功之后就OK了,会有email通知结果。或者自己去IRS网站下载并打印4868表格,填
好,寄到IRS也可以。

2.1 先说州税。

联邦税是统一的,州税各找各妈!我在加州,所以看加州网站:

https://www.ftb.ca.gov/individuals/faq/ivr/201.shtml

How can I get an extension to file?
California gives you an automatic filing extension through October 15, 2013.
You don't need to apply for one. Here's what you should do if you can't
file by April 15, 2013:

这句话的意思是,加州不需要单独为州税file extension——这是自动的!好,这个是
我被加州DMV的低效率折磨之后对zf印象改观的重要因素,呵呵。

You are due a refund — File your return by October 15, 2013. Choose e-file
and direct deposit for the fastest refund.

如果你能退税,2013年10月15日之前选择e-file报税并且设置dd来快速退税。我们这样
10月来CA的H1B,因为没有满183天,通常HR要求在W4上面填写single(虽然我已婚)。
所以预扣税是很高的,应该能有退税,呵呵。大部分人会落到这个框里。

注意:W4不是报税,只是帮助HR理解怎么帮你预扣税的,这里的single不代表你报税的
时候的身份。如果已婚,报税的1040上不要填single!

You have a balance due — Pay the amount you owe by April 15, 2013 to avoid
penalties and interest. You can pay online, by credit card, or by check with
form FTB 3519. Then file your return by October 15, 2013. Choose e-file to
ensure we receive your return on time. You're not sure if you have a balance
due — Use the worksheet on form FTB 3519 to figure your tax.

如果你属于少部分欠税的,或者不知道自己是否欠税,填FTB 3519并且补交税款。

Extension for federal returns: The process and dates for requesting a filing
extension for your federal return are different. Refer to the IRS Website
for information.

既然州税不需要file extension,唯一要做的就是搞定federal的。准备转IRS并且查阅
报税宝典pub 519.

如果你不是加州的,请自行参阅该州州税的网站。

2.2 联邦税

只要不是full year R,在中国期间的收入不需要向IRS申报纳税。full year R则全球
全年收入向IRS申报纳税。

通常下半年来美的人不能通过183天的SPT(版面关于这个的解释已经很多很全),所以
联邦报税身份是NR。具体你是不是R,请自行按公式计算!

对于单身的人,用NR报税最简单方便。对于结婚的人,则可以考虑file extension之后
转变身份报税,目的是用上H4/L2的免税额度。File extension之后,等到第二年你通
过SPT的时候,使用FYC,可以把你、配偶以及小孩第一年的NR身份转为DS,也就是part
year NR + part year R。除特殊情况外,DS需要使用MFS,并且使用SCH A itemize,
基本没有各种tax credits。这个时候需要提交1040NR报人在中国的时候的美国税(通
常是全0,如果你没有美国收入),同时提交1040报人来美国以后的美国税。

已婚人士使用FYC成为DS之后,可以进一步选择成为full year R。在这个过程中,你甚
至可以使用Nonresident Spouse treated as a Resident条例,把本来不能通过
presence test的配偶从NR身份直接变成full year R。变成full year R的坏处是全年
全球向IRS申报纳税,好处是可以(并且必须)夫妻MFJ报税,使用standard deduction
,以及可能的tax credits。

This includes situations in which one spouse is a nonresident alien at the
beginning of the tax year, but a resident alien at the end of the year, and
the other spouse is a nonresident alien at the end of the year.
If you make this choice, you and your spouse are treated for income tax
purposes as residents for your entire tax year. Neither you nor your spouse
can claim under any tax treaty not to be a U.S. resident. You are both taxed
on world- wide income. You must file a joint income tax return for the year
you make the choice, but you and your spouse can file joint or separate re-
turns in later years.

具体使用NR,DS,还是R,就要看哪种划算。当然,如果只省一点点钱,就不如用NR省
事方便了,呵呵。单身没什么必要折腾,结婚的人大部分选择DS,除非R能省的更多。

Foreign Earned Income Exclusion的问题更复杂,本文也不讨论。

3. 报税表格概览

搞清楚身份问题,接下来进入正题。第一年relocate来的人除了身份复杂,收入也不会
太简单,所以表格可能比较多。 大概会有这些东西需要考虑:

* federal extension
   先延期,然后1/3 2012(二三十天)加2013(一百五十天左右),大概六月份报税
   老婆儿子是H4,需要随我的1040一起申请ITIN
* relocation benefits (这个公司会给一个relocation tax report/advisor)
   通常来说,lumsum的简单,expense的麻烦些
   雇主的reimbursement如果算W-2的收入(通常情况是这样的),可以参照p512并用
   f3903报支出
   http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p521.pdf
   http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f3903.pdf
* 如果国内还有收入(包括银行利息),那么国内收入也要报税
* 国内的房产等资产不属于收入,不需要申报。但出租房屋的租金属于收入,需要申报
* 公司工资W2
* 银行利息1099-INT
* 其他收入比如股票所得(我没有,呵呵)
* 老婆需要申请ITIN(W-7)
* 向中国政府报税(这个不属于这个帖子的重点,略过)

详细列表如下:

3.0 Documents you should prepared by yourself before filing tax return

Original valid passport, or a notarized or certified copy of a valid
passport and visa (for W-7)

3.1 Forms you should received from others

Form W-2
From your employer

Form 1099-INT
From your bank

3.2 Documents you should download to read through

Publication 519
U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens
http://www.irs.gov/file_source/pub/irs-pdf/p519.pdf

Publication 1031
Guidelines for Determining Resident Status
https://www.ftb.ca.gov/forms/2012/12_1031.pdf

3.3 Forms you should prepared to file

Form 4868
Application for Automatic Extension of Time To File U.S. Individual Income
Tax Return
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f4868.pdf

Form 1040/1040NR, or other versions based on your own case
U.S. Dual Status Individual Income Tax Return
http://www.irs.gov/file_source/pub/irs-pdf/f1040.pdf
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1040nr.pdf
Schedule A (Form 1040), Itemized Deductions
Schedule B (Form 1040), Interest and Ordinary Devidends
Schedule D (Form 1040), Capital Gains and Losses

Form 540NR, or other versions based on your own case, read https://www.ftb.
ca.gov/forms/2012/540_Chart.shtml
California Part-Year Resident Income Tax Return
https://www.ftb.ca.gov/forms/2012/12_540nrshort.pdf
https://www.ftb.ca.gov/forms/2012/12_540nrlong.pdf

Form W-7
Application for IRS Individual Taxpayer Indentification Number
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/fw7.pdf

Form TD F 90-22.1
Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR)
http://www.irs.gov/file_source/pub/irs-pdf/f90221.pdf

Form 2210, 30:40:0:30 for California, 25:25:25:25 for federal & most other
states
Underpayment of Estimated Tax by Individuals, Estates, and Trusts
http://www.irs.gov/file_source/pub/irs-pdf/f2210.pdf

Form 8949, if you get 1099-B or 1099-S
Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets
http://www.irs.gov/file_source/pub/irs-pdf/f8949.pdf

Form 1116, if you paid foreign taxes to a forreign country
Foreign Tax Credit
http://www.irs.gov/file_source/pub/irs-pdf/f1116.pdf

Form 6251, Form 1040, Form 1116
Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) Assistant for Individuals
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f6251.pdf

Form 8948
Preparer Explanation for Not Filing Electronically
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f8948.pdf

ELECTION PURSUANT TO SECTION 7701(b)(4)
IRC §7701(b)(4) First-year election statement
For tax purposes from MMM, dd, 2012 to Dec 31, 2012, calculate if you
accumulate at least 183 days of presence in the US based on the following
formula:
2013 days in the US x 1
2012 days in the US x 1/3
2011 days in the US x 1/6

4. lz最终版本

根据上述资料,去掉我不需要的表格,我的版本如下(YMMV):

4868 (Filed before April 15)
FBAR (Filed before June 30) -注意:这个FBAR跟报税是独立的!

First Year Election Statement
1040 (DS)
1040 Sch A
1040 Sch B (Foreign Interest)
3903 (Moving Expense)
1040NR (DS)
W7 x 2
W2
Passport
8948
6251 (I did NOT hit AMT,但是发现好容易触发AMT啊。。。) 

本来还有一个1116的,但是为了一点点tax credit多搞一个表不值得,作罢

5. FAQ

下面这些问题基本上每个DS都会碰到并且需要花时间理解,所以特别列在这里

* H4没有收入,所以无需报税,不填任何税表
H1B使用FYC按DS报税的时候,如果H4不报税,则H1B可以使用使用H4的exemption!、
相反,如果H4也报税,H1B就不能使用H4的人头了

* H1B填1040和1040NR,两个form都要在header空白处写上dual status
1040  (write "Dual-Status Return" across the top of the return)
1040NR (write "Dual-Status Statement" across the top of the return)
Do NOT sign Form 1040NR

* 这个地方空着:
If a joint return, spouse’s first name and initial

* 这个地方填 "APPLIED FOR"
Spouse’s social security number

* Filing Status选3(Married filing separately. Enter spouse’s
SSN above and full name here.)并且输入你spouse的名字

* Exemptions勾上6a (yourself), 6b (Spouse)
如果有小孩H4,在6c填小孩
最后把6a, 6b, 6c全部加起来填6d(比如三口之家,6d就是3)

* moving expense如果你公司有报销,则基本上没有报税抵扣(公司交税了)
如果W2的box12出现了P,即使没有抵扣,你也要填3903

* 随1040附上W7(每位H4一份),一起寄到ITIN部门(跟直接报税地址不同)
有的local IRS接受W7申请,帮你复印护照;有的不接受,你就只能自己邮寄spouse和
dependent的护照原件去申请ITIN。因为IRS内部也很混乱,水平参差不齐,基本看运气
,呵呵

* 关于first year choice的两步走(这个各人根据自己情况选择,我只走了一步成为
DS)

* 使用FYC后能不能用Child Tax Credit
如果你的dependent child也在2014年的某个时候满足SPT,你可以代表他/她选择FYC,
这样他/她就变成了2013年度part year resident,成为了满足child tax credit条件
的dependent child。然后就可以申请CTC了。当然,你还要检查其他CTC的条件(比如
收入是否在范围内)。lz很不幸没能用上CTC。

Source: Reg. Sec. 301.7701(b)-4(c)(3)(v)。具体看(B)。Election on Behalf of a
Dependent Child.

* 所有报税材料自己都要保留好,IRS查你的时候要能拿得出证据

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