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谈谈美国国债和利率

一般所谓资本包括两个部分:权益和债务。当一个国家的对外债权总额大于对外债务总额(也就是说,净头寸为正数时),我们称其为净债权国,反之称为净债务国。

有借债行为就有利息。对外债权要收利息,而对外债务要付利息。

如果债权和债务都以美元结算,那么利息都以美国的利率为准。所以当美国是净债权国时,利息收入会大于利息付出。如果利率极高,从国家层面来说,就是债权国对债务国的掠夺。

美国的折扣利率(discount rate)是由美联储定的,这个利率正联动着美国国债利率(treasuray rate)和借债利率(prime rate,贷款利率)。 在保罗沃克尔(Paul Volcker)担任美联储主席的8年间(1979年八月 – 1987年八月),美国两位数的prime rate持续了将近6年,(从1978年十月超过10%),最高点在1980年十二月,达到21.50%,直到到1985年五月结束。那么1985年发生了什么事呢,使得美国的prime rate开始跌落10%? 由于里根政府大量举债,1985年美国从净债权国变为世界上最大的净债务国,结束了自1914年以来长达70年作为净债权国的历史。

所以,1985年前的高利率从国家战略层面上来说,是美国作为净债权国,通过掠夺净债务国来获得财富,同一时期,被掠夺的主要是拉丁美洲国家。

2008年经济危机时,美国不但早已沦为净债务国,而且已经负债累累,所以美国不可能再采取高利率政策,否则就等同于自杀。相反地,美国走了超低利率政策。也就是说,尽量少付利息,同时大举借债并增发美元。加起来就是变相的赖账。

一直到了今天,美国对内对外总债务差不多20万亿美元(略微多于美国2017年的GDP总额)。尽管美国经济情况尚好,但政府早已经无法承担更多的利息支出了。所以,无论美联储说什么加息步伐,只可能减慢,无法加快。这也是为什么美联储主席被替换的原因:耶伦加息5次,还是太快了。

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