Skip to main content

谈谈美国国债和利率

一般所谓资本包括两个部分:权益和债务。当一个国家的对外债权总额大于对外债务总额(也就是说,净头寸为正数时),我们称其为净债权国,反之称为净债务国。

有借债行为就有利息。对外债权要收利息,而对外债务要付利息。

如果债权和债务都以美元结算,那么利息都以美国的利率为准。所以当美国是净债权国时,利息收入会大于利息付出。如果利率极高,从国家层面来说,就是债权国对债务国的掠夺。

美国的折扣利率(discount rate)是由美联储定的,这个利率正联动着美国国债利率(treasuray rate)和借债利率(prime rate,贷款利率)。 在保罗沃克尔(Paul Volcker)担任美联储主席的8年间(1979年八月 – 1987年八月),美国两位数的prime rate持续了将近6年,(从1978年十月超过10%),最高点在1980年十二月,达到21.50%,直到到1985年五月结束。那么1985年发生了什么事呢,使得美国的prime rate开始跌落10%? 由于里根政府大量举债,1985年美国从净债权国变为世界上最大的净债务国,结束了自1914年以来长达70年作为净债权国的历史。

所以,1985年前的高利率从国家战略层面上来说,是美国作为净债权国,通过掠夺净债务国来获得财富,同一时期,被掠夺的主要是拉丁美洲国家。

2008年经济危机时,美国不但早已沦为净债务国,而且已经负债累累,所以美国不可能再采取高利率政策,否则就等同于自杀。相反地,美国走了超低利率政策。也就是说,尽量少付利息,同时大举借债并增发美元。加起来就是变相的赖账。

一直到了今天,美国对内对外总债务差不多20万亿美元(略微多于美国2017年的GDP总额)。尽管美国经济情况尚好,但政府早已经无法承担更多的利息支出了。所以,无论美联储说什么加息步伐,只可能减慢,无法加快。这也是为什么美联储主席被替换的原因:耶伦加息5次,还是太快了。

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

OWASP Top 10 Threats and Mitigations Exam - Single Select

Last updated 4 Aug 11 Course Title: OWASP Top 10 Threats and Mitigation Exam Questions - Single Select 1) Which of the following consequences is most likely to occur due to an injection attack? Spoofing Cross-site request forgery Denial of service   Correct Insecure direct object references 2) Your application is created using a language that does not support a clear distinction between code and data. Which vulnerability is most likely to occur in your application? Injection   Correct Insecure direct object references Failure to restrict URL access Insufficient transport layer protection 3) Which of the following scenarios is most likely to cause an injection attack? Unvalidated input is embedded in an instruction stream.   Correct Unvalidated input can be distinguished from valid instructions. A Web application does not validate a client’s access to a resource. A Web action performs an operation on behalf of the user without checking a shared sec

CKA Simulator Kubernetes 1.22

  https://killer.sh Pre Setup Once you've gained access to your terminal it might be wise to spend ~1 minute to setup your environment. You could set these: alias k = kubectl                         # will already be pre-configured export do = "--dry-run=client -o yaml"     # k get pod x $do export now = "--force --grace-period 0"   # k delete pod x $now Vim To make vim use 2 spaces for a tab edit ~/.vimrc to contain: set tabstop=2 set expandtab set shiftwidth=2 More setup suggestions are in the tips section .     Question 1 | Contexts Task weight: 1%   You have access to multiple clusters from your main terminal through kubectl contexts. Write all those context names into /opt/course/1/contexts . Next write a command to display the current context into /opt/course/1/context_default_kubectl.sh , the command should use kubectl . Finally write a second command doing the same thing into /opt/course/1/context_default_no_kubectl.sh , but without the use of k