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Binary indexed tree (Fenwick tree)

Fenwick tree

它又叫 Binary indexed tree ,也叫树状数组。
能在log(n)查询区间和,并且在log(n)时间内进行结点更新操作。


lowbit(x)函数

定义lowbit(x)为x的二进制表达式中最右边的1所对应的值。
比如,1234的二进制是0100 1101 0010  lowbit(1234)=2,在程序的实现中,
Lowbit(x)=x&-x;(为什么这样写呢?因为计算机内部采用补码表示,-x是x按位取反,尾数+1的结果)

树的结构图

让我们来看看图:横坐标是x, 纵坐标是lowbit(x)
fenwick_tree_binary_index_tree
对于节点x,
  • 为左子结点,则父结点的编号是x+lowbit(x),
  • 为右子结点,则父结点的编号是x-lowbit(x)
设C[i] 为以i结尾的水平长条内的元素之和,如c[6]=a5+a6。
  • 顺着结点I往左走,边走边往上爬,沿途经过的c[i]所对应的长条不重复不遗漏的包含了所有需要累加的元素。
    • 如sum(6) = c[6] + c[4]
  • 如果修改了一个a[i] ,那么从c[i]往右走,边走边网上爬,沿途修改所有结点对应的c[i]即可。
    • 如a[1] + 1 那么 c[1] + 1, c[2]+1,c[4]+1………一直到最大值。
用C++ 的代码如下:

实现代码

写成类的话:
C++

Python

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