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死锁

死锁英语Deadlock),又译为死锁,计算机科学名词。当两个以上的运算单元,双方都在等待对方停止运行,以取得系统资源,但是没有一方提前退出时,这种状况,就称为死锁。在多任务操作系统中,操作系统为了协调不同进程,能否取得系统资源时,为了让系统运作,就必须要解决这个问题。
这里指的是进程死锁,是个计算机技术名词。它是操作系统或软件运行的一种状态:在多任务系统下,当一个或多个进程等待系统资源,而资源又被进程本身或其它进程占用时,就形成了死锁。有个变种叫活锁

简介

例如,一个进程 p1占用了显示器,同时又必须使用打印机,而打印机被进程p2占用,p2又必须使用显示器,这样就形成了死锁。

死锁的预防

如果系统中只有一个进程,当然不会产生死锁。如果每个进程仅需求一种系统资源,也不会产生死锁。不过这只是理想状态,在现实中是可遇不可求的。
禁止抢占:no preemption
持有和等待:hold and wait
互斥:mutual exclusion
循环等待:bounded waiting

死锁的避免

我们也可以尝试回避死锁。因为在理论上,死锁总是可能产生的,所以操作系统尝试监视所有进程,使其没有死锁。

死锁的消除

最简单的消除死锁的办法是重启系统。更好的办法是终止一个进程的运行。
同样也可以把一个或多个进程回滚到先前的某个状态。如果一个进程被多次回滚,迟迟不能占用必需的系统资源,可能会导致进程饥饿


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