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来美国5年之后F1学生报税指南

最近报税时整理了一些关于non-resident alien到resident alien身份转换的资料,在这里分享给大家。声明:所有资料均来源于网上并只适用于有收入的F1身份,我不是tax expert也无法为这些资料负责。

1. 何时进行身份转换
After 5 calendar years. 注意这里的五年并不是你在美国实际居住超过5年,而是日历上的五年。比如你2007年Fall来美国读书并开始有TA/RA等收入,那么这5年包括 2007到2011年,从2012年起你就要进行substantial presence test。Substantial presence test的详情可以参看IRS的Publication 519。在上面的例子中,如果你2012年的大部分时间仍在美国,那么2013年初报2012年的税的时候就要依照resident alien的身份填Form 1040了(普通美国人填的表格)。

2. Tax treaty
虽然我们学校(NC State U)默认为5个calendar year之后国际学生就不再享受tax treaty(今年初我去签tax treaty时被拒),实际上根据US-China tax treaty的Article 20,每年$5000的收入免税不限时间,只要我们仍是学生身份。这一点在UT Austin的网页上(link)和另外一处(link)都写得很清楚。To claim the tax treaty on a resident return (Form 1040):
Line #7: write in "includes wages exempt by U.S./China tax treaty of $5,000"
Line #21: write in "see attached Form 8833" and enter the total dollar amount of the tax treaty exemption you are claiming as a negative number.
Fill out and attach form 8833 (Treaty-Based Return Position Disclosure).

3. Withholding Allowance
每 次发工资的时候都会被withheld不少联邦税和州税,如果一年扣了$2000的税就相当于给了IRS一年的无息贷款。再加上通货膨胀的因素,与其每年 报税时退很多税不如减少每次发工资时的扣税额,增加平时自己的可支配收入。理想状况是每年报税时基本上既不退税也不用补税。每次发工资时的扣税额度可以通 过withholding allowance来调整——联邦税是Form W-4,州税也有相应的表格(北卡是NC-4)。注意根据IRS(参见link),non- resident alien不能调整默认的withholding allowance。Resident alien可以向employer提出更新W-4(和相应州税表格)的请求(我们学校给foreign tax office发信预约即可),提高withholding allowance。

4. Resident alien和 non-resident alien的区别
以下是resident alien的benefit (根据Columbia U的这个网页整理):
1) You can choose standard deduction or itemized deduction. 学生的收入成分简单,所以itemized deduction基本上只包括几百刀的州税。成为resident alien之后可以claim standard deduction: single $5800, married filing jointly $11600, head of household $8,500. 再加上$3700的exemption和$5000的tax treaty,你的taxable income已经比实际income少很多很多了。
2) Resident alien本来要和普通美国人一样交social security tax和medicare tax,但是对于TA/RA的stipend,这两种税可以exempt,不用交(我们学校的具体规定这里可见)。
3) 可以享受各种tax credit. 美国政府每年都有各种各样的tax credit,比如first-time homebuyer credit,买环保汽车和材料的credit,education credit (返一部分学费和student fee,up to $2000),child credit等等。Tax credit和deduction不同,是实打实的dollar. 由于tax credit每年都有变化,这里就不具体说了。

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