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标  题: 科普一下买车抵税

http://gengwg.blogspot.com/发信人: cassis (KW), 信区: Automobile
标  题: 科普一下买车抵税
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Sun Apr 19 21:12:59 2015, 美东)

首先本文讨论的是作为self employment的business car tax deduction。你需要有一
个business(sole proprietor or single member LLC),报税的时候用1040
schedule C。

抵税方式有两种,standard mileage和actual expenses。standard mileage很简单,
全年business mileage乘以$0.56就是可抵税总数额(考虑了车的所有费用),用在
owned或leased的车上无区别。这种方式适用于本身很便宜的车,或是business
mileage很高,但实际使用费不高的情况。比如有人用Nissan Leaf这样的EV猛开
mileage,然后以$0.56/mile抵税,实际上可以倒赚。

Actual expenses就是根据车的depreciation,gas,insurance,maintenance,repair
等实际费用来抵税。这里面的gas,insurance,maintenance,repair把全年总额乘以
用于business的比例就是抵税的数额。而depreciation呢就非常tricky。

Lease的车不按depreciation而是根据lease的实际cost。这就是lease的一大好处,能
保证简单明了公平的把所有费用(按business比例)抵税。

买的车(owned)需要按depreciation,这个算法很tricky,而且有些政策会不稳定。
一般的车depreciation有限额,以2014为例,第一年最多能depreciate $11,1601,第
二年$5,100,第三年$3,050,其后每年$1,875。这样的话很贵的车(比如$50,000以上
)要很长时间才能抵完。

但是对6000 lbs以上gross weight的SUV,IRS又有特殊优惠政策。Section 179
deduction和bonus depreciation都可以无限制用在第一年。Section 179 deduction允
许头一年就直接deduct掉$25,000,然后bonus depreciation还可以吧剩余部分一次性
depreciate 50%,然后再是normal depreciation。

以$60,000的heavy SUV为例,100%用于business,section 179抵掉$25,000,剩余的$
35,000再被bonus depreciation抵掉50%,剩余的$17,500还可以再按200% declining
balance method继续抵。最后的结果是你能第一年就抵掉70%以上的车价。

当然IRS也不是吃素的,要抵这么多,首先你得是100%用于business。而且如果你一旦
在5年内business用途降到50%或以下,你用section 179 deduction占的便宜必须按比
例还回去,退还到一个很conservative的depreciation方式(straight line)。此外
在任何时候你卖掉车,都需要用(sale price + total depreciation - original
purchase price)来算gain or loss。如果是depreciate很慢的车(前面提到的贵而不
重的车),算出来会是loss,depreciate很快的车(前面提到的heavy SUV),算出来会
是gain。最后这个gain/loss会加到你的income中一同报税,这个过程叫depreciation
recapture。

总之,买的车抵税因为depreciation的算法和depreciation recapture变的很复杂。跟
lease比,你可能吃亏也可能占便宜,但无论怎样复杂度都很高,容易screw up,所以
一般推荐lease(特别是对想开新车的主)。

最后说一句,用了actual expenses的车就不能再回到standard mileage了。不然你把
车都depreciate完了,再去靠mileage搞一把,很不公平。

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