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魏延

简明历史传记

      魏延是蜀汉名将,他跟随刘备入川后表现突出,得到刘备器重,屡次被委以重任。诸葛亮北伐时期,魏延作为诸葛亮的左膀右臂,为蜀汉立下了汗马功劳。魏延为人孤高,善养兵卒,勇猛过人,但是和蜀汉重臣杨仪不和。诸葛亮死后,将兵权交于杨仪,魏延因恃功心有不甘而率军欲杀杨仪,反被杨仪派马岱杀死。后魏延一门被夷灭三族。

演义传记

本为刘表部将,当刘备携百姓前来投奔刘表之子刘琮时力主迎接刘备入城,为此而与文聘敌对。刘备离去后转而投奔韩玄。刘备派关羽攻打长沙时,韩玄认为部将黄忠通敌而欲斩之,魏延大怒,一刀杀死韩玄,献城投降,因为此举而被诸葛亮认为其不忠不义,同时被指出脑后有反骨,久后必反,但刘备爱惜人才,仍将魏延收留。此后刘备率军入蜀,魏延随军前往,于刘璋的酒宴上奉庞统之命起身舞剑,意在乘隙杀死刘璋,但被刘璋部将阻止。攻雒城时为争功反陷入苦战,幸得黄忠所救。于马超进攻葭萌关时出战,击败马岱,却被败中求胜的马岱放箭射伤。于瓦口关之战中曾奉命援助张飞。汉中之战中无视曹操的招降而对曹操放箭,射中其人中;战后被封为汉中太守。刘备逝世后,魏延随诸葛亮平定南蛮王孟获的叛乱。于诸葛亮北伐时献“奇袭子午谷”之策,但未被诸葛亮采纳;因此在奉命进攻箕谷时无视诸葛亮的军令,险些败北。于诸葛亮向天祈祷延命时进帐报告敌军入侵的消息,不慎碰倒主灯,导致诸葛亮的祈祷失败。诸葛亮临终前遗命杨仪统兵,魏延对此不满,于诸葛亮病逝后率军反攻杨仪,而杨仪则根据诸葛亮的遗计挑衅魏延,魏延大喝一声“谁敢杀我”后被潜伏在一旁的马岱所杀。

历史评价

陈寿:刘封处嫌疑之地,而思防不足以自卫。彭羕、廖立以才拔进,李严以干局达,魏延以勇略任,杨仪以当官显,刘琰旧仕,并咸贵重。览其举措,迹其规矩,招祸取咎,无不自己也。
《三国志·魏延传》:“延既善养士卒,勇猛过人,又性矜高,当时皆避下之”、“魏延以勇略任,并咸贵重。览其举措,迹其规矩,招祸取咎,无不自己也。”

千古奇冤

但在《三国演义》中,魏延却写成了脑后生反骨,天生就是要造反的。作为当年被刘备亲手提拔上来的牙门将,魏延很快就证明自己的才能。只可惜魏延在刘备手下时间短,在诸葛亮手下时间长,我们由此发现,就在诸葛亮与司马懿在陇西拉锯般交战之际,两人手下同时都有一位出色的将军,同时在体味着某种壮志不得伸的生命状态。张郃好在还有一个街亭大捷可供夸口,同样渴望建立战功的魏延,则几乎从诸葛亮手上领不到一点真正的机会。诸葛亮每次北伐,魏延都希望能自领一支万人大军,像当年韩信那样,与诸葛亮在潼关会合,诸葛亮每次都加以拒绝。于是,就在张郃私下里抱怨司马懿怕诸葛亮的同时,魏延也牢骚满腹地认为"诸葛亮胆小",使自己奇志难酬。诸葛亮第一次出祁山时,曾有过一个千载难逢的机会,即使不能一举统一大业,至少有望将长安并入蜀地。当时魏国派驻边防的安西将军夏侯楙乃曹操女婿,"素无武略","又多蓄妾",因着与魏文帝曹丕的关系才获得这一荷守一方重镇的职位。魏延看准此一机缘,遂大胆向诸葛亮提议道:"给我五千人,自带粮草,循秦岭以东疾进,不出十日可到长安。胆怯的夏侯楙见我蜀兵天降,必然仓皇而逃。曹丕若想率军亲征,最起码也得二十天,丞相已可先期到达。这样,咸阳以西可一举而定。"今天的公论是:魏延的计划虽然冒险,但成功的可能极大,因为他对当时敌我形势及当地特殊地形的判断都是非常准确的。考虑到后来蜀国灭于魏国之手,乃是由于魏国大将邓艾采取了相似的"奇险"战略,诸葛亮对魏延提议的否决,便只能让我们深感遗憾了。

Ref.: http://baike.baidu.com/view/5638.htm

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