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证券

证券(Securities)是“有价证券”的简称,是一种表示财产权的有价凭证,持有者可以依据此凭证,证明其所有权或债券等私权的证明文件。例如:股票、债券、权证和股票价款缴纳凭证等。[1]

证券也是多种经济权益凭证的统称,是证明证券持有人有权按其券面所载内容取得应有权益的书面证明。按其性质,不同证券分为证据证券,凭证证券、有价证券等等。有些证券是可以在市场上流通的,证券的存在活跃了金融、经济和投资。对证券的不恰当投机,例如“无货沽空”,可能导致金融市场的动荡。
目录

    1 基本属性
    2 货币市场的证券
        2.1 种类
    3 资本市场的证券
        3.1 种类
    4 注释

基本属性

一般证券的基本属性有市场性、流动性、报酬性及风险性四种。[2]

市场性(Marketability):
    市场性是指能在短时间内,有足够交易市场以处理相当数量的交易,而且不会受到重大的价格损失。

流动性(Liquidity):
    流动性是将有价证券转换成现金过程中,是否产生其他额外的损失。如果流动性良好,可以很快的转换成所要的现金,不会产生额外的损失。此外,证券的流动性具有市场性且能免除价格风险。

报酬性(Return):
    证券的报酬来源大致有二:投资收益和资本利得。

        投资收益包括:股息和利息收入。
        资本利得包括:买价与卖价的差额。

    股票的投资报酬为股息与差价;债券的投资报酬为利息。

风险性(Risk):
    报酬的产生,必定也承受相当程度的风险。一般而言,由于报酬中含有“风险溢酬”,风险越高,报酬也越大。正常状况下,股票的风险会大于债券的风险。

货币市场的证券

货币市场系指利用一年以内之短期有价证券来进行交易的金融市场。而所谓货币市场系指政府、金融机关、企业等为筹集短期资金而发行到期日在一年以内的有价证券。[2]
种类

    国库券(Treasury Bill,TB)
    银行承兑汇票(Banker's Acceptance,BA)
    可转换定期存单(Certificate of Deposits,CD)
    商业本票(Commercial Paper,CP)

    第一类商业本票(CP1),又称“交易性商业本票”或“自偿性商业本票”
    第二类商业本票(CP2),又称“融资性商业本票”

    附买回协定(Repurchase Agreement)

资本市场的证券

资本市场系指利用一年以上的长期有价证券来进行交易的金融市场。而资本市场证券系指政府、金融机关、企业等为筹集长期资金而发行到期日在一年以上的有价证券。[2]

由于时间比较长,因此风险比货币市场证券来得高。
种类

    政府债券(Government Bond)
    公司债(Bond)

    抵押债券(Mortgage Bonds)
    零息债券(Zero-Coupon Bonds)
    分期还本债券(Serial Bond)
    信用债券(Debenture)
    附属信用债券(Subordinated Debenture)
    收益债券(Income Bonds)
    转换公司债(Convertible Bonds)
    赎回债券(Callable Bonds)

    金融债券:专业金融机构为筹措长期资金,所发行的债券凭证。
    特别股(Preferred Stock)
    普通股(Common Stock)

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