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做市商

做市商(Market maker),又称为造市者,指金融市场上的一些独立的证券交易商,为投资者承担某一只证券的买进和卖出,买卖双方不需等待交易对手出现,只要有做市商出面承担交易对手方即可达成交易。

在美国纽约证券交易所市场称作“专家”(Specialist),在香港证券市场被称作“庄家”。做市商制度在香港称作“证券庄家”制度。

与“报价驱动”的做市商制度相对的是“指令驱动”的竞价交易制度,例如连续竞价交易制度集合交易制度

目录

做市商的义务

美国法律和证券交易委员会(SEC)和全国证券交易商协会(NASD)规定了做市商的义务:
  • 持续达到特定的保存交易记录和履行财务责任的标准
  • 不间断地主持买、卖双方的市场,并在最佳价格时按限额规定执行交易指令
  • 发布有效的买、卖两种报价(充当流动性提供者,解决交投量不足的问题)
  • 在证券交易完成后90秒内报告交易情况,以便向公众公布

几大著名做市商

做市商代码 做市商
GSCO 高盛(Goldman Sachs & Co)
MLCO 美林(Merrill Lynch, Inc.)
MSCO 摩根斯坦利(Morgan Stanley & Co. Inc.)
SALB 所罗门兄弟(Salomon Brothers)
SBSH 史密斯·巴尼·希尔森(Smith Barney Shearson, Inc.)
HRZG 赫尔佐格·海恩·哥达尔德经纪行(Herzog, Heine, Geduld, Inc.)
MASH 迈耶和施韦策公司(Mayer & Schweitzer, Inc.)
SLKC 斯皮尔·利兹·凯洛格(Spear, Leeds & Kellogg Capital Markets)
NITE 骑士交易集团(Knight Trading Group, Inc)

做市商制度的优点

  • 强大的定价功能
做市商能够长期跟踪证券价格的变化,凭借专业知识对证券的市场公允价格作出判断,提供最有参考的报价。
  • 增强市场的流动性
  • 推动市场不熟悉的证券的推介,降低新股发行成本
投资新兴产业的股票往往需要普通投资者几乎不具备的专业知识,很难对股票进行准确的估价;做市商的双向报价为市场交易提供了市价的参考
  • 推动大宗交易的达成
做市商本身适合成为机构投资者进行大宗交易的交易对手

做市商制度分类

  • 垄断做市商制度
  • 竞争性做市商制度
  • 含竞价交易的混合交易制度

著名做市商制度举例

纳斯达克市场的做市商制度最著名和完善:要成为纳斯达克的做市商的证券商必须首先在全美证券商协会登记注册,规定每只证券至少要有两家做市商,而实际上目前平均每只证券有10余家的做市商,某些交易活跃的证券有40家以上的做市商。
  • 中国大陆的银行间债券市场和外汇交易市场
  • 香港的股票期权市场及恒指期权市场
  • 台湾的柜台买卖市场


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