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中国“地王”处境困难



几年房地产飞速发展的时候,看来唯一制约了中国房地产开发商增长的是他们能拿到多少地。大肆囤地使一些开发商赢得了“地王”的称号。如今随着中国楼市出现调整,地价开始降低,“地王”的帽子也开始感觉沉重起来。

里昂证券(亚洲) (CLSA)房地产分析师王艳(Nicole Wong)说,中国海外发展有限公司和龙湖集团这两家开发商已经把上海新建楼盘的价格降低了20%至25%。通常情况下,房地产市场的下滑会打击开发商投资新项目的积极性,抑制土地需求。

今年10月和11月,数个主要城市的土地拍卖以失败告终,一些拍卖中无人出价,而另外一些只有很低的出价。据房地产中介搜房网的数据,10月全国住宅地价较去年同期跌了8%,而土地成交量下滑了37%。

这对开发商来说是坏消息,很多开发商手里囤有大量土地,这些地多是在2009年9月接近高点的时候买的。地价具有波动性,但10月的均价较2009年9月的水平跌了40%。在价格高点时买地的人都有可能进行大幅减记。

2008年发生过类似的事情,据瑞信(Credit Suisse)房地产分析师杜劲松的计算,当时中渝置地将手里土地的价值减记了12%,而万科则减记了3.9%。在政府出台刺激政策,启动房地产引擎后,开发商才避免了进行更大幅度的减记。

 坐拥大量土地的开发商处境最是困难。比如,位于浙江省的绿城中国控股有限公司说,持有的土地中只有很小一部分值得担忧。不过,据瑞信的数据,2010年土地存量为销量的九倍,如果价格继续下滑,这样的局面仍然容易受到冲击。中国海外发展有限公司持有的土地较少,不过该公司在2009年下半年和2010年上半年地价很高的时候买了大量地。

政策仍是一个不确定因素。如果投资大幅下滑、增长放缓,政府可能放松对房地产业的控制,进而提振销售、鼓励开发商开工建设新项目,并重新推高地价。除非出现这样的政策转变,否则不断下滑的销量和地价意味着中国一些曾经的“地王”可能陷入困境。

TOM ORLIK

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