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401k 基金详解


前文<<美国退休金制的分类>>(#3450)简要介绍了当前美国名目繁多的各种退休金制度。
其中包括流行于七十年代以前的Defined Benefit Plans (DB), 流行于现今的401K
plans,以及被越来越多人所采纳的Roth IRA等。另外不在该文介绍范围的还有由政府资
助的Social Security以及个人自己购买的Insurance。

由於401K是目前最为流行的退休金制度,下文将更为详细的介绍有关401K的一些相关规定
。希望该文对大家有所帮助。

http://www.job-employment-guide.com/401k-rules.html

附注:

1) 401K和DB Plan最大的区别是在DB制度下,雇员退休后,每月将固定领到一笔由雇主发
放的退休金,也就是说雇主会把雇员照顾到死为止。而在401K制度下,雇主只在雇员服务
期内发给一定数目的退休金。这笔退休金将由雇员自己管理和投资。雇员离开雇主后,雇
主不再为雇员的退休负任何责任。

2) 401K和Roth IRA最大的区别是,401K是存进去不交税,取出来交税。而Roth IRA是存
进去交税,取出来不交税。

3) 随着美国经济的衰退和股市的波动,有人预测将会有越来越多的人因为投资管理不善
而引起401K退休金大幅缩水,美国将出现越来越多的贫困老年人。2001年Enron公司倒闭
前,各大投资机构评选Enron为最具潜力的公司之一,许多Enron员工把自己的401K投资在
Enron股票上。随着Enron的倒闭,这些员工的退休金也在一夜之间化为乌有:
http://www.usatoday.com/money/covers/2001-11-30-bcovfri.htm
2000年股市的崩盘也给许多人的401K退休金带来灾难性的损失。

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